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Qoum CharteQoum Charte is a populated place in Al Lādhiqīyah, which is a region of Syria. Qoum and dumSometimes the word qoum is used in place dum. Qoum (or a cognate of it) is found in most languages in the area (including Pushto and Persian), and generally means a group of people related by blood kinship. Among the Pukhtu speakers of the main Swat valley it refers to occupational groups rather than lineages (Barth, 1960) - with the implication that members of occupational groups are united by blood kinship. Both qoum and dum refer to lineage as a kind of social grouping. They contrast with dala, a word used for political factions based on ego centered networks. They are never used as part of a lineage name itself. Particular lineages are referred to in two ways, depending on the level of segmentation. Major lineages are usually called by the name of their apical ancestor with the pluralizing suffix -ort appended to the name. The Jatort, Bijort, Arshort, and Kadort lineages provide examples. Sometimes, however, people use the Pukhtu word khel (which roughly means' the people of') as the pluralizer. Thus the Arshort lineage is sometimes called the Malak Khel, because in the past a number of important leaders or malaks came from that lineage, and the Mullort is usually called the Mullah Khel because most religious officials in the community are members of it. Unlike major lineages, khel is always used to name minor lineages. Thus, for example, the Aziz Khel, Multan Khel, Musa Khel and Said Mir Khel comprise the Arshort major lineage. Bishegram Proper is the most remote community in the valley. It is located across the valley, and about an hour's walk to the east from Shanku. Although the ecology of Bishegram Proper is similar, if not identical to Shanku, it is significantly different in terms of linguistics and social organization. The community's population is divided in complex ways according to different principles reflecting its complex history. The most straight forward division is based on patrilineal descent. Bishegram Proper, like Shanku, is divided into major lineages called dums which in turn subdivide into minor lineages called khels. Unlike Shanku, however, the people of Bishegram Proper also belong to groupings called qoums which divide the population differently and are based on a different organizational principle. Dums and khels are lineages, and as such membership depends on tracing patrilineal descent from a common ancestor. Qoums, in contrast, are best thought of as ethnic groups, or perhaps 'stocks', and membership is based on patrifiliation. The members of each stock speak a distinct "mother” language, and each has its own historical traditions. There are 5, or perhaps 6 qoums in the community: the Swatis, the Gujars, the Gekis, the Kasharis, the Torwalis, and the Badeshis. The Swatis speak Pukhtu as their "mother" language and claim to have come to Bishegram following the invasion of Swat by the Yusufzai Pathans in the 16th century. Pukhtu is not only the "mother" language of the Swatis, but the common language of the community as well. The Gujars speak Gujari, and like the Gujars of Shanku are the descendants of nomads who bought land and settled as permanent residents. The Gekis claim to have come to Bishegram from Koli in Indus Kohistan via Ushu, a community in Northern Swat Kohistan. They speak Ushuji as their 'mother' langauge. Ushuji is not commonly known by linguists. According to Richard Strand's preliminary analysis, it appears to be a dialect of Shina (personal communication), The Kasharis come from Kasher, better known as Kashkar, or Chitral. They speak a dialect of Kowar as their “mother" language. The Torwalis claim to have come from the main Swat valley near the village of Barikot after the predations of the Mahmud of Ghazni in the 11th century. They speak Kohistani, generally called by linguists Torwali to distinguish it from the Kohistani spoken in northern Swat and Dir Kohistan.
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